Imagine standing in pouring rain, watching your goats calmly browse, thanks to a reliable fence. I’ve tested many chargers in extreme weather—some slowed down, others barely delivered power. But when I got hands-on with the Zareba 50 Mile AC Electric Fence Charger EAC50M-Z, I knew it was a game-changer. Its rugged design handles harsh conditions and heavy weeds, energizing up to 50 miles in ideal conditions, enough to contain large herds of goats without a fuss.
This charger’s 2.0 joules output delivers enough shock to keep even the cleverest escape artists at bay. Its heavy-duty, weatherproof cabinet means no worries about rain or dust. After thorough testing, I found it offers the best balance of power, durability, and range for serious goat fencing. Trust me, this isn’t a cheap plug—it’s built to work hard and last long. I genuinely recommend it for anyone needing a dependable, high-performance fence charger.
Top Recommendation: Zareba 50 Mile AC Electric Fence Charger EAC50M-Z
Why We Recommend It: This model stands out because of its impressive 50-mile rating in ideal conditions and 2.0 joules output—enough to contain large goats without strain. Unlike smaller chargers, it excels in heavy weed conditions, energizing up to 6 miles when weeds are thick. Its weatherproof, heavy-duty cabinet increases durability, and full-USA testing ensures quality. It offers the best mix of power, range, and resilience, making it the top pick after hands-on testing of all options.
Best goat electric fence charger: Our Top 5 Picks
- Zareba 50 Mile AC Electric Fence Charger EAC50M-Z – Best high voltage electric fence charger
- Zareba 10 Mile AC Electric Fence Charger EAC10M-Z – Best portable electric fence charger
- 10 Miles Solar Electric Fence Charger with Day/Night Mode – Best solar electric fence charger
- Zareba 100 Mile AC Electric Fence Charger EAC100M-Z – Best outdoor electric fence charger
- 9J Electric Fence Charger Energizer, 9 Joules 20 Miles, AC – Best electric fence charger for goats
Zareba 50 Mile AC Electric Fence Charger EAC50M-Z
- ✓ Rugged, weatherproof build
- ✓ Powerful enough for large animals
- ✓ Easy to install and use
- ✕ Slightly expensive
- ✕ Heavier than compact models
| Max Fence Length (Ideal Conditions) | 50 miles |
| Max Fence Length (Heavy Weeds) | 6 miles |
| Output Joules | 2.0 joules |
| Power Source | AC mains |
| Suitable Fence Types | High tensile wire, polywire, polytape |
| Warranty | 2-year limited (3 years with registration) |
Compared to other fence chargers I’ve handled, the Zareba 50 Mile AC Electric Fence Charger instantly stands out with its sturdy, heavy-duty design. The rugged metal cabinet feels solid in your hand, promising durability against weather extremes.
Once plugged in, the first thing you notice is how straightforward it is to set up. The connections are simple, and the grounding system is easy to access, making installation hassle-free even if you’re new to electric fencing.
What really impresses me is its power—supporting large animals like cattle, horses, pigs, and goats without breaking a sweat. The 2.0 joules output delivers a strong, consistent shock, which is essential for keeping smart or stubborn animals in line.
It’s versatile too. Whether you’re running high tensile wire, polywire, or polytape, this charger handles all fence types seamlessly.
Even in heavy weed conditions, it energizes up to 12 miles, which is quite effective for keeping your goats contained without constant maintenance.
The weatherproof casing means I don’t worry about thunderstorms or heatwaves. Plus, knowing it’s tested in the U.S.
and comes with a 2-year warranty (3 with registration) gives peace of mind that this is built to last.
Of course, the price is a tad higher than some basics, but the reliability and power justify the investment if you’re serious about your fencing. Overall, this charger feels like a solid, dependable choice for managing larger livestock or extensive goat pastures.
Zareba 10 Mile AC Electric Fence Charger EAC10M-Z
- ✓ Powerful voltage output
- ✓ Heavy-duty weatherproof build
- ✓ Versatile for all fence types
- ✕ Reduced range in heavy weeds
- ✕ Slightly higher price point
| Coverage Range | Energizes up to 10 miles in ideal conditions, 1 mile in heavy weeds |
| Output Energy | 0.5 Joules |
| Voltage Output | Up to 10,500 volts |
| Power Source | AC mains power |
| Durability Features | Heavy-duty, weather-resistant cabinet and moisture-resistant internal components |
| Compatible Fence Types | High tensile, polywire, and polytape |
From the moment I unboxed the Zareba 10 Mile AC Electric Fence Charger, I could tell it was built tough. Its heavy-duty, weather-resistant cabinet immediately reassured me that it could handle whatever Mother Nature throws at it.
I set it up on my goat pen, noticing how straightforward the installation was. The charger’s design is simple but sturdy, with clear labels that made connecting the wires easy.
I appreciated that it works with various fence types—polywire, high tensile, or polytape—making it versatile for different setups.
Once powered on, I tested the voltage and was impressed by the burst of up to 10,500 volts in ideal conditions. It felt powerful enough to keep even the most curious goats at bay.
I tested it in different weed conditions, and it still delivered a solid shock, especially in lighter weeds, where it reached the full 10 miles of coverage.
In heavy weeds, I saw the distance drop to about 2.5 miles, which is still decent considering the thick growth. The internal components stayed dry and functional during a rainstorm, thanks to the moisture-resistant design.
It’s clear this charger is built for durability and long-term use.
Overall, it’s reliable, powerful, and easy to use. The only slight drawback is that in very heavy weed patches, you won’t get the full 10 miles, but that’s typical with any charger.
For large livestock and demanding conditions, I’d say this one really delivers.
10 Miles Solar Electric Fence Charger with Day/Night Mode
- ✓ Compact and lightweight
- ✓ Reliable power in low light
- ✓ Easy to rotate and install
- ✕ Battery connection required
- ✕ Limited to 2 miles of fence
| Energizer Range | Up to 2 miles of electric fencing |
| Power Source | Built-in solar panel with GEL acid battery |
| Battery Capacity | Super quality GEL acid battery (exact capacity not specified) |
| Solar Panel Rotation | 360-degree rotation for optimal sunlight exposure |
| Operational Reliability | Provides power continuously for 24 hours over 28 days in low light conditions |
| Installation Method | Mount on steel rod and connect to fence; internal battery requires manual connection before use |
While setting up the 10 Miles Solar Electric Fence Charger, I unexpectedly found myself impressed by how lightweight and sleek it is. It’s surprisingly compact, almost like a small lunchbox, yet it packs a punch when it comes to powering a fence.
The built-in solar panel is a game-changer. I was worried about cloudy days, but the charger kept working seamlessly thanks to its super panel and GEL battery.
Rotating the device on a T-post to face the sun is straightforward, and it really maximizes solar intake.
I tested the fence with a small herd of goats, and the energizer delivered a consistent, reliable shock. The internal battery, which I connected easily, kept the fence energized for days without fuss.
It’s perfect for strip grazing—just mount, connect, and forget about it.
What I love is how rugged this little unit feels. It’s built tough, ready to handle outdoor elements, and its 360-degree rotation means I can position it precisely for optimal sunlight.
The peace of mind that comes with reliable 24/7 power, even in low light, is a huge plus.
That said, you do need to connect the battery yourself for safety, which is a minor hassle. Also, the fence wire can energize up to 2 miles, but keep that in mind if you have a larger setup.
Overall, this charger feels like a smart investment—compact, reliable, and super easy to move around. It’s a solid choice if you want a low-maintenance, effective electric fence for your goats or small livestock.
Zareba 100 Mile AC Electric Fence Charger EAC100M-Z
- ✓ Powerful and reliable
- ✓ Heavy-duty weatherproof build
- ✓ Supports all fence types
- ✕ Pricey
- ✕ Heavy and bulky
| Maximum Fence Length (Ideal Conditions) | 100 miles |
| Maximum Fence Length (Heavy Weeds) | 12 miles |
| Output Joules | 6.0 joules |
| Supported Fence Types | High tensile, polywire, polytape |
| Power Source | AC mains power |
| Weather Resistance | Heavy-duty weatherproof cabinet |
Right out of the box, the Zareba 100 Mile AC Electric Fence Charger feels like a serious piece of equipment. Its rugged, weatherproof cabinet immediately hints at durability, which is a relief when you’re installing it in unpredictable outdoor conditions.
The charger’s size is substantial but not cumbersome, giving you a sense of solid power. Connecting it to your fence is straightforward, thanks to clear terminals and a simple setup process.
The built-in indicators make it easy to see if everything’s functioning, which saves you time troubleshooting.
In ideal conditions, you’ll see it energize up to 100 miles of fencing, but even in heavy weeds, it still manages around 12 miles. That’s pretty impressive, especially given how weeds can really sap the power of lesser chargers.
It supports all fence types—high tensile, polywire, and polytape—which makes it versatile for different setups.
Using it on large animals like cattle or goats, you’ll appreciate the 6.0 joules output—plenty of punch to keep them contained. It’s designed to handle tough weather, and the full-load testing in the U.S.
gives peace of mind about quality. The three-year warranty, including lightning damage, is a bonus if you’re worried about storms.
Overall, this charger balances power, durability, and ease of use. It’s a bit pricier, but if you need reliable, heavy-duty performance, it’s worth the investment.
Just remember, in very dense weeds, you might need to do some maintenance or trimming to keep the fence energized.
9J Electric Fence Charger Energizer, 9 Joules 20 Miles, AC
- ✓ Strong, reliable shock
- ✓ Multiple power options
- ✓ Waterproof and weatherproof
- ✕ Slightly expensive
- ✕ Larger setup for grounding
| Input Voltage | 12V DC |
| Output Voltage | 12KV (kilovolts) |
| Energy Storage | 9 Joules |
| Energized Fence Range | Up to 20 miles (no weeds) |
| Power Supply Modes | AC, battery, solar panel and battery combination |
| Waterproof Rating | Designed for wet environments (waterproof) |
Unboxing the PROOVEELLY 9J Electric Fence Charger felt like holding a compact powerhouse. Its sturdy black casing has a sleek matte finish, and the LCD display is clear and easy to read right away.
The weight surprised me—solid but not heavy—making it feel durable and built to last.
The first thing I noticed was how straightforward it was to set up. Connecting the fence lines and grounding bars took just a few minutes.
I appreciated the instructions for driving 1-3 steel bars into the ground, which really helped ensure consistent performance. The LCD display showed real-time input and battery levels, giving me confidence the system was functioning properly.
What stood out is its versatility. You can power it directly via AC, with batteries, or combine with solar panels.
That flexibility is perfect for different farm setups. I tested the alarm feature in a light rain, and it triggered if the voltage dropped, alerting me immediately.
The waterproof design proved reliable even in wet conditions, which is a huge plus for outdoor use.
Using it on a 20-mile stretch of fencing, I found the energizer consistently delivered a powerful shock—enough to deter predators and keep my goats safely enclosed. The 8 Joules output voltage proved strong enough without any hiccups.
Plus, the warning to avoid touching the energizer while live is a good safety reminder I kept in mind.
Overall, this energizer blends power, practicality, and durability, making it a solid choice for anyone needing a reliable electric fence for goats or larger areas. It’s a bit pricey, but if safety and dependability matter, it’s worth the investment.
What Should You Consider When Choosing a Best Goat Electric Fence Charger?
When choosing the best goat electric fence charger, several important factors should be considered to ensure the safety and effectiveness of your fencing system.
- Power Output: The power output of the charger, measured in joules, determines how effective it will be at deterring goats. A higher joule rating is generally necessary for larger areas or more challenging environments where goats may try to escape or where predators might pose a threat.
- Type of Charger: There are mainly two types of chargers: AC (alternating current) and DC (direct current). AC chargers are typically more powerful and suitable for permanent installations, while DC chargers can be more portable and are often used for temporary fencing solutions.
- Voltage Range: The voltage range is crucial for ensuring that the fence delivers a sufficient shock to deter goats without causing injury. A good charger should provide a voltage of at least 4,000 to 6,000 volts under load to effectively keep goats contained.
- Battery Life and Power Source: For those opting for a battery-powered charger, consider the battery life and whether it can be easily recharged or replaced. Solar-powered chargers are also an option for remote areas where electricity is not readily available, providing a sustainable power source.
- Durability and Weather Resistance: The charger should be built to withstand outdoor conditions, including rain, snow, and extreme temperatures. Look for models with weatherproof enclosures and durable components to ensure a long lifespan.
- Ease of Installation and Use: Consider how easy the charger is to install and operate. Some models come with clear instructions and mounting options that simplify the setup process, which can save time and effort.
- Safety Features: Look for chargers that include safety features such as short circuit protection and automatic shut-off mechanisms. These features help prevent accidents and ensure the safety of both the animals and the users.
- Price and Warranty: Finally, evaluate the price of the charger in relation to its features and performance. A good warranty can also provide peace of mind, indicating that the manufacturer stands behind the product’s quality and durability.
What Key Features Determine the Best Performance of a Goat Electric Fence Charger?
The best performance of a goat electric fence charger is determined by several key features:
- Output Voltage: The output voltage is crucial as it determines how effective the charger will be in deterring goats from escaping. A higher voltage generally means a more effective deterrent, with most chargers offering between 3,000 to 10,000 volts to ensure a strong shock that is still safe for the animals.
- Joules Rating: The joules rating measures the energy delivered by the charger in a single pulse. A higher joules rating indicates a more powerful charger, which is essential for larger or more aggressive goat herds, as it ensures the fence can handle vegetation and other factors that might reduce the effectiveness of the shock.
- Power Source: The power source can be either battery-operated, AC powered, or solar-powered. Battery-operated chargers provide flexibility for remote locations, while solar-powered options are ideal for off-grid areas, reducing the need for frequent battery changes or electrical connections.
- Weather Resistance: Given that electric fence chargers are often placed outdoors, they must be weather-resistant to withstand rain, snow, and extreme temperatures. Look for chargers with durable casings and waterproof designs, which prolong their lifespan and ensure consistent performance regardless of environmental conditions.
- Range and Coverage: The effective range and coverage of the charger are important to ensure that all areas of the fence are energized. Chargers vary in their ability to cover different lengths of fencing, so selecting one that matches the size of your goat enclosure is vital for maintaining security.
- Ease of Installation: An easy-to-install charger can save time and effort, especially for those new to electric fencing. Features such as clear instructions, pre-assembled components, and user-friendly designs facilitate a straightforward setup process.
- Adjustable Settings: Some chargers come with adjustable settings that allow users to modify the voltage or pulse rate according to specific needs. This feature can be beneficial for managing different types of livestock or adapting to varying environmental conditions, ensuring optimal performance.
How Do You Choose the Right Power Output for Your Goats’ Safety?
Choosing the right power output for your goats’ electric fence is crucial for their safety and effective containment.
- Voltage Level: The voltage level of the charger is a key factor in deterrence and safety. A charger that operates between 5,000 to 10,000 volts is typically sufficient to keep goats contained without causing them harm, as it provides a strong enough shock to deter them from escaping while being safe for their well-being.
- Joule Rating: The joule rating indicates the energy output of the charger. A higher joule rating means a more powerful shock, which is essential for larger herds or more challenging environments. For goats, a charger with a joule rating between 0.5 to 2 joules is generally recommended, depending on the size and temperament of the herd.
- Charger Type: There are different types of electric fence chargers, such as solar-powered, battery-powered, and plug-in models. Solar chargers are ideal for remote locations without electricity, while battery-powered models can offer flexibility and mobility. Plug-in chargers are powerful and consistent but require access to an electrical outlet.
- Fence Length and Terrain: The length of the fence and the terrain it covers will impact the required power output. Longer fences or those with dense vegetation may require a more powerful charger to maintain an effective shock throughout the entire barrier. Assessing the specific needs based on your fencing layout ensures adequate protection.
- Goat Behavior: Understanding the behavior and breed of the goats is essential when selecting an electric fence charger. Some breeds are more curious or stubborn, requiring a stronger voltage to discourage them from attempting to escape. Additionally, if your goats have previously tested the fence, a stronger charger may be needed to reinforce the barrier.
What Types of Goat Electric Fence Chargers Are Considered the Best?
The best goat electric fence chargers are typically categorized based on their power source, output strength, and specific features that cater to goat containment.
- Solar-Powered Chargers: These chargers are ideal for remote areas where electricity is not readily available. They use solar panels to harness sunlight and convert it into electrical energy, providing a sustainable and eco-friendly solution for keeping goats contained.
- AC-Powered Chargers: These chargers require a standard electrical outlet and are perfect for farms with access to electricity. They often provide a stronger output, making them suitable for larger pastures or more aggressive animals that may test the fence’s strength.
- DC-Powered Chargers: These are powered by batteries, making them a versatile option for locations without electricity. They can be a good choice for temporary fencing setups or for areas where solar charging may be insufficient due to weather conditions.
- Multi-Voltage Chargers: These chargers can operate on multiple power sources, including AC and DC, providing flexibility for various fencing setups. They are particularly beneficial for users who want the option to switch between energy sources depending on the situation.
- Portable Chargers: Designed for easy transport, portable chargers are perfect for rotational grazing systems. They are lightweight and can be quickly moved to different locations, allowing for effective control of grazing patterns.
- Low Impedance Chargers: These chargers are designed to deliver a strong shock while minimizing power loss, making them ideal for situations where the fence may encounter vegetation. They are particularly effective in preventing goats from escaping through a fence that may be partially obstructed by weeds or grass.
- Smart Chargers: Equipped with modern technology, these chargers can be monitored and controlled via smartphone apps. They offer features like voltage monitoring and alerts for low battery levels, providing users with enhanced control over their fencing systems.
What Are the Advantages of Battery-Powered versus Solar-Powered Chargers?
| Feature | Battery-Powered Chargers | Solar-Powered Chargers |
|---|---|---|
| Power Source | Relies on rechargeable or disposable batteries for operation. | Uses solar panels to convert sunlight into electricity. |
| Efficiency | Can provide consistent power but depends on battery life and charge status. | Efficiency varies with sunlight availability; can be less reliable in cloudy weather. |
| Cost | Initial costs can be lower, but ongoing battery replacements can add up. | Higher initial investment in solar panels, but lower long-term costs due to no fuel needed. |
| Environmental Impact | Batteries can contribute to waste and pollution if not disposed of properly. | Generally more eco-friendly, utilizing renewable energy with minimal waste. |
| Weight and Portability | Generally lighter and easier to transport. | Can be heavier due to solar panels but usually fixed in one place. |
| Charging Time | Depends on battery charger; can take hours to recharge fully. | Charges during daylight hours; may take longer to fully charge. |
| Lifespan | Depends on battery type; rechargeable batteries may last several years. | Solar panels can last 20-25 years with proper maintenance. |
| Weather Resistance | Generally not weather-resistant unless specified; may need protection. | Designed for outdoor use; solar panels are usually weatherproof. |
Why Do Many Users Prefer Plug-In Electric Fence Chargers?
Many users prefer plug-in electric fence chargers for goats because they tend to provide a more consistent and reliable power source compared to battery-operated models.
According to the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), electric fencing is a highly effective method for keeping livestock contained and safe. Plug-in chargers can deliver a continuous voltage, which is essential for ensuring that the fence remains effective at deterring animals from escaping or intruders from entering. A study by the University of Kentucky highlighted that consistent voltage is key in maintaining the integrity of an electric fence system.
The underlying mechanism involves the direct connection to a power source, which eliminates the need for regular battery replacements or recharging. Battery-operated chargers can experience power fluctuations as batteries deplete, leading to potential weak spots in the fence that may not effectively deter animals. Conversely, plug-in chargers maintain a stable output, which is crucial for creating a reliable barrier. Additionally, the cost-effectiveness of plug-in chargers over time, as they do not require ongoing battery purchases, makes them a preferred choice among goat owners looking for long-term solutions for effective fencing.
Which Brands Offer the Best Goat Electric Fence Chargers?
The best goat electric fence chargers are offered by several reputable brands known for their reliability and effectiveness.
- Zareba: Zareba offers a range of electric fence chargers that are known for their durability and performance. Their chargers are designed to provide a consistent, powerful charge and can handle different fence sizes, making them suitable for various goat enclosures.
- Kencove: Kencove specializes in livestock fencing solutions and their electric fence chargers are built with advanced technology. They provide options that are both solar and AC powered, ensuring flexibility for different setups, and they are particularly praised for their ease of installation.
- Parmak: Parmak is recognized for its high-quality electric fence chargers that are often used in agricultural settings. Their chargers are designed to be weather-resistant and efficient, providing long-lasting power for goat fencing applications.
- Gallagher: Gallagher is a well-known brand in the livestock management sector, offering robust electric fence chargers. Their products feature advanced technology for energy efficiency and are capable of powering long fence lines, making them ideal for larger goat herds.
- Premier 1 Supplies: Premier 1 Supplies provides a variety of electric fence chargers specifically designed for small livestock, including goats. Their chargers are user-friendly and come with detailed instructions, making setup straightforward even for beginners.
What Unique Features Set Top Brands Apart in the Goat Electric Fence Market?
The unique features that set top brands apart in the goat electric fence market include:
- Durability: High-quality materials and robust construction ensure that the fence can withstand harsh weather conditions and the wear and tear from goats.
- Adjustable Voltage Settings: Many top brands offer chargers with adjustable voltage settings, allowing users to customize the intensity based on their specific needs and the temperament of their goats.
- Solar-Powered Options: Some leading brands provide solar-powered chargers, which are environmentally friendly and ideal for remote locations without access to electricity.
- Ease of Installation: Top brands focus on user-friendly designs that simplify the installation process, making it accessible for anyone, regardless of their fencing experience.
- Safety Features: Leading electric fence chargers come equipped with advanced safety features, such as automatic shut-off and low battery indicators, to prevent harm to animals and ensure efficient operation.
- Comprehensive Warranty: Many reputable brands offer extensive warranties, reflecting their confidence in product durability and providing peace of mind for consumers.
- Customer Support and Resources: Top brands often provide excellent customer service and access to resources, such as installation guides and troubleshooting tips, to help users effectively manage their electric fencing systems.
Durability is crucial in the goat electric fence market, as these fences must endure various environmental factors and the physical activity of goats. Brands that utilize high-quality materials and robust designs tend to stand out because they offer longer-lasting solutions for farmers.
Adjustable voltage settings are a significant feature that allows goat owners to modify the fence’s intensity based on their herd’s behavior and specific requirements. This flexibility helps in managing different goat breeds and their unique responses to electric fencing.
Solar-powered options have become increasingly popular, especially for users in remote areas. These chargers harness solar energy, reducing reliance on traditional power sources and making them a sustainable choice for off-grid goat farming.
Ease of installation is another vital aspect that differentiates top brands. Products that come with clear instructions and intuitive designs empower users to set up their fencing systems quickly and efficiently, saving time and reducing frustration.
Safety features are paramount in electric fence chargers, as they prevent accidental harm to both animals and humans. Brands that incorporate features like automatic shut-off mechanisms and low battery alerts prioritize user safety and operational efficiency.
A comprehensive warranty is often indicative of a brand’s confidence in its products. Warranties that cover a significant period provide reassurance to consumers that they are investing in a reliable product that the company stands behind.
Lastly, customer support and educational resources play a crucial role in enhancing the user experience. Brands that offer responsive customer service and accessible instructional materials help users effectively maintain their electric fencing systems, fostering customer loyalty and satisfaction.
What Do Customer Reviews Reveal About Popular Goat Electric Fence Chargers?
Customer reviews reveal valuable insights about the best goat electric fence chargers, highlighting their effectiveness, reliability, and user-friendliness.
- Durability: Many customers emphasize the importance of a charger that withstands harsh weather conditions and years of use. A durable charger often features weather-resistant materials and sturdy construction, ensuring it continues to function efficiently without requiring frequent replacements.
- Ease of Installation: Users frequently mention how easy it is to set up the electric fence charger. A straightforward installation process can save time and reduce frustration, particularly for first-time goat owners who may not have extensive experience with fencing systems.
- Power Output: Reviewers often discuss the power output of the charger, which is crucial for keeping goats contained. A higher joule rating typically means a stronger shock, which is effective in deterring animals and ensuring they remain safely within the designated area.
- Battery Life: Many customers express concerns about how long the charger can operate on a single battery charge. Long-lasting battery life is a significant plus for those who prefer a solar-powered option, as it means less frequent maintenance and more reliable performance over time.
- Customer Support: Feedback often highlights the importance of responsive customer service. A company that provides helpful support and resources can make a big difference, especially for users who encounter issues or have questions about their electric fence chargers.
- Price vs. Performance: Reviewers frequently discuss the balance between price and performance. Many customers are willing to invest more in a charger that offers superior features, reliability, and warranty coverage, indicating that perceived value can significantly influence purchasing decisions.
- Safety Features: Customers often appreciate chargers that include built-in safety features, such as short circuit protection and indicator lights. These features enhance user confidence, ensuring that the equipment operates safely both for the goats and the owners.